International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Bio Medical Science

Prevalence of Gingivitis and Dental Caries in Early Childhood: A Cross-Sectional Study at TK Tat Twam Asi, Pesanggrahan, South Jakarta

2025-03-27T14:05:15+00:00

Introduction: Oral health is an integral part of overall health, yet it is often neglected in global and national policies. Periodontal diseases such as gingivitis and dental caries are major issues in children that can affect their quality of life. This study was conducted to identify the prevalence of periodontal disease and dental caries among children at TK Tat Twam Asi, Pesanggrahan, South Jakarta.

Objective: This study aims to evaluate the oral health status and dental care habits of children. Method: The research employed a cross-sectional design with random sampling techniques. The sample consisted of 36 children aged 3–6 years. Data were collected through dental examinations and parent/guardian questionnaires. Analysis was performed using SPSS version 24.

Conclusion: The study found that 97.2% of children had gingivitis, and 86.1% had dental caries. Key risk factors included poor brushing habits, frequent consumption of sugary foods, and low use of fluoride toothpaste. This study highlights the importance of educating parents about oral hygiene, promoting healthy eating habits, and improving access to preventive dental care to reduce the prevalence of oral diseases in children.

Antibacterial Activity of Kitolod (Isotoma Longiflora L.) Herb Extract and Fractions Against the Growth of Dental Carises Causing Bacteria Streptococcus Mutans

2025-03-19T02:29:24+00:00

The Kitolod herb (Isotoma longiflora L.) has empirically been used to treat several diseases. Kitolod herb contains some secondary metabolite compounds, such as flavonoids, tannins, and saponins, which are antibacterial. This study aims to determine the inhibition of antibacterial activity and the most effective concentration in inhibiting Streptococcus mutans bacteria. The sample used in this study was Kitolod herb obtained from Sentani Regency. Then, the sample was extracted using the maceration method with 96% ethanol solvent. Then, it was fractionated using the solvent of ethanol-water, ethyl-acetate, and n-hexane. The antibacterial activity testing used the disc diffusion method. This study used a completely randomized design with nine treatments that included the concentrations of 50 ppm, 100 ppm, 200 ppm, 400 ppm, 600 ppm, 800 ppm, 1000 ppm, amoxicillin (positive control), sterile distilled water (negative control). The results showed that the extract of Kitolod herb has activity as an antibacterial on Streptococcus mutans at the highest concentration of 1000 ppm of 10.20 mm (strong category). The testing results on the three fractions showed that the ethyl-acetate fraction has the most significant inhibition activity of 8,16 mm at a concentration of 1000 ppm (medium category). The result showed that the extract and fraction of Kitolod herb (Isotoma longiflora L.) have the potential to be an antibacterial to inhibit Streptococcus mutans bacteria.

Test the Effectiveness of Tegari Leaf Extract (Dianella nemorosa Lam.) from Papua on Burn Wound Healing in Rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus): Experimental Study

2025-02-16T05:08:33+00:00

The tegari plant (Dianella nemorosa Lam.) known locally as "pra kepey" (Papua). D. nemorosa Lam. plant is one of the traditional medicines from Papua which is used as a medicine to heal external wounds such as cuts, burns, and internal wounds. The aim of this research was to test the effectiveness of tegari leaf extract and to test the concentration of tegari leaf extract from Papua which was used most effectively for healing burns in rabbits. Each rabbit's back was divided into 6 control treatments, that is normal control (no treatment), negative control (Vaseline album), positive control (conventional burn gel), and D. nemorosa Lam. extract with a concentration of 0.1%, 0.5%, and 1%. The rabbit's back was anesthetized using 2% lidocaine HCl subcutaneously and induced with an iron metal diameter of 2.2 cm and a thickness of 1 mm which was heated in a blue flame for 3 minutes and then placed on the rabbit's back for 5 seconds until a second degree (deep) burn was formed. The diameter of the rabbit's back burn wound was measured for 21 days. The results of the percentage of healing of burn wounds from D. nemorosa Lam. extract at concentrations of 0.1%, 0.5%, and 1%, respectively, were 76.80%, 79.00%, and 87.40% on day 21^st. The data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA, namely in the form of the percentage of burn wound healing which showed that there were differences in the effect of burn wound healing in each control treatment group because the significant value was p=<0,00 (p=<0,05) indicating that there were significant differences between each group. D. nemorosa Lam. extract is effective in healing burns.

The Outcome of Open Ureterolithotomy in the Management of Large Upper Ureteric Stone: A Case Series Of 35 Patients in A Tertiary Care Hospital in Bangladesh

2025-04-16T11:13:50+00:00

Background with 0bjective: Ureteric stones pose a global health concern, impacting millions and prompting ongoing exploration for effective management. This study focuses on the outcomes of open ureterolithotomy, addressing large upper ureteric stones, a subset of upper urinary tract stones. Ureterolithiasis can lead to severe complications like urosepsis and renal failure if untreated, emphasizing the urgency for optimized therapeutic approaches. This quasi-experimental study aimed to observe and assess the outcomes of open ureterolithotomy in managing large upper ureteric stones.

Methods: This prospective observational study was carried out among 35 patients attending at the department of Urology at Sir Salimullah Medical College Mitford Hospital, Dhaka for the treatment of upper ureteric stone within the defined period from January 2019 to December 2020. All the data were compiled and sorted properly and the quantitative data was analyzed statistically by using Statistical Package for Social Science.

Results: The study encompassed 35 patients, predominantly female (54.30%) with a mean age of 45.88±14.47 years. Mean stone size was 19.57 mm, and operative time averaged 19.57 minutes. Postoperative parameters revealed a 5.0-day hospital stay and a 3.85-week recovery time. Stone distribution indicated 42.70% in the right ureter and 54.30% in the left, with a stone clearance rate of 94.3%. Complications, both perioperative and postoperative, affected 34.3% and 40% of cases, respectively encompassing bleeding, pleural injury, fever, urinary leakage, blood transfusion, and wound infection.

Conclusion: Open ureterolithotomy proves effective and safe for managing large upper ureteric stones, boasting a high stone clearance rate. However, its invasive nature correlates with significant perioperative and postoperative complications, underscoring the need for careful patient selection and monitoring. Consideration of minimally invasive alternatives is encouraged, necessitating further research for a comprehensive understanding of ureteral stone management

Prevalence and Patterns of Serum Electrolyte Imbalances Among Patients Attending a Tertiary Hospital in Central Kenya

2025-04-07T19:00:33+00:00

Serum Electrolyte imbalances (SEIs) have not only been associated with poor prognosis of underlying diseases, but also increased morbidity and mortality rates. Studies have reported a myriad of risk factors associated with occurrence of SEIs, including old age, renal diseases, cardiovascular disease, malignancy, and chronic illnesses. Little remains unknown about prevalence of EIs in Kenya. This study undertook to underpin the prevalence of SEIs at Thika Level 5 Hospital (TL5H), a tertiary hospital in central Kenya. A prospective cross-sectional study was conducted at Thika Level V Hospital in Kiambu County. Data collected was used to compute descriptive and inferential statistics. A total of one hundred and fifty-seven participants were recruited. They had a mean age of 41.05±21.37, with the majority being males 82(52.2%). 87(55.4%) participants had normal serum electrolyte levels. The mean potassium level was 4.16±0.62mmol/L, sodium was 147.12±5.63mmol/L and chloride was 108.27±11.89mmol/L. Dyschloremia was the most prevalent EI, presenting in 57(36.3%) participants. Female participants were slightly more likely to present with potassium and chloride imbalances, male participants were more likely to present with a sodium imbalance. Patients presenting with dyschloremia were more than two times likely to present with dyskalemia [AOR=2.634, 95%CI (1.104- 6.285), P=0.026]. In conclusion, dyschloremia, particularly hyperchloremia, is the most prevalent electrolyte imbalance. Moreover, despite there being no significant association between gender and EI, females are much likely to present with an EI, compared to the male counterparts. Further research should be conducted to understand causes and risk factors for the increased EI prevalence levels, particularly in females. Treatment should emphasize on fluid and electrolyte replacement management as core in clinical intervention.

Assessment of the Availability of the Anaesthesia Safety Checklist and the Compliance of the Anaesthesia Residents to use This Checklist

2025-04-10T09:11:21+00:00

Background: Safety checklists help prevent human errors in complex, high-intensity working environments. Using perioperative checklists was shown to reduce mortality and complication rates, improve communication and perception of safety in human hospital anesthesia teams, and reduce the incidence and severity of complications in veterinary settings.

The checklist employs tactics to improve efficiency in the operating theatre and inculcates teamwork and good communication among the operational staff, all working together to make the surgical environment safe for the patient.

Aim of The Study: To determine the availability of the safety checklist and the compliance of the anaesthesia resident to use this checklist.

Patients and Methods: A simple random sampling technique was used to select 100 anaesthesia residents working at Baghdad Teaching Hospital and Ghazy Al Hariri Hospital for Surgical Specialities, where general or spinal anaesthesia surgeries were done.

Results: Preoperative assessment compliance score was 79.63%. The anaesthesia machine checklist compliance score was 30.56%. The ventilator function checklist compliance score was 13.89%. The equipment checklist compliance score was 83.33%.

Conclusions: The overall compliance score could have been better. Plus, there was a difference in the compliance score between the different parts of the questionnaire.

Overview of Dental Caries in Correlation with Tooth Brushing Habit and Dental Visit on Elementary School Students in Central Maluku

2025-04-06T06:43:09+00:00

Introduction: Epidemiological studies showed that dental caries is most common among school students throughout the world. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), the prevalence of dental caries in school age children is still high. Problems that caused by dental caries if left untreated properly can impact many aspects by causing pain, discomfort, and potential school absences due to pain. In addition, dental caries can also cause a discomfort in chewing food, decreasing appetite, inadequate nutrition, and affecting their overall growth and development. The most common cause of dental health problems in school-aged children is poor oral hygiene and lack of regular dental visits, which makes both of these as the primary factors in preventing dental caries.

Objective: To describe the incidence of dental caries in correlation with tooth brushing and dental visit frequency on elementary school students in central Maluku.

Methods and Materials: A descriptive study with a cross-sectional design which using questionnaire to determine the tooth brushing habits and dental visits, and also performing dental examination to determine the dental caries status (DMF-T). The research sample was taken from 14 elementary schools on Seram Island, Maluku with a total sampling technique which was carried out by recording the total number of elementary students that are presents at that time.

Result: Of the 799 student examined, 410 were male student and 349 were female student. Good toothbrushing habits were reported by 650 students, while 152 students reported poor toothbrushing habits. A total of 647 student had never visited a dentist, while 152 students had visited a dentist. The incidence of dental caries was higher in a male student with DMF-T (3) compared to female students with DMF-T (2,3).

Conclusion: Good toothbrushing habits were reported by most of the students, but most of the students had never visited a dentist. The incidence of dental caries was higher in a male student compared to female students.

Effects of Various Therapeutic Exercises on Gait and Balance in Idiopathic Parkinson's Disease: A Narrative Review

2025-04-08T05:54:20+00:00

Background: Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most prevalent neurodegenerative illness after Alzheimer's disease. It affects approximately 1-2 people per 1000, with prevalence increasing with age, impacting 1% of those over 60. The disease is characterized by the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta, resulting in reduced dopamine levels in the striatum and leading to motor symptoms such as bradykinesia, rigidity, tremor, and postural instability. These motor impairments contribute to significant mobility and postural control issues, increasing the risk of falls and negatively affecting patients' quality of life. Freezing of gait is a common and challenging symptom that further complicates mobility and increases fall risk. Given the progressive nature of PD and its impact on motor function, this review aims to compile and assess the effectiveness of various therapies in enhancing gait and balance in individuals with Idiopathic Parkinson's Disease.

Objective: This narrative review aims to synthesize and evaluate the effectiveness of various therapeutic interventions designed to improve gait and balance function in patients with Idiopathic Parkinson's Disease.

Study Selection: A literature search was conducted across PubMed, Google Scholar, and Research Gate databases to identify relevant studies investigating interventions for gait and balance in PD.

Evaluation of Body Mass Index Among Medical Students

2025-04-30T09:39:18+00:00

Background: Body Mass Index (BMI) is a crucial indicator of health status, particularly among medical students who are future healthcare providers. Understanding BMI distribution and its associated factors within this population can inform targeted health interventions.

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the BMI distribution among medical students at Tikrit University College of Medicine and examine its association with demographic factors, eating habits, and health-related behaviors.

Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from August 1st to August 25th, 2023. Data were collected using an online survey administered via Google Forms, with a total of 217 medical students participating. The survey gathered information on demographics, eating habits, and health behaviors. BMI was calculated from self-reported height and weight. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 27, with descriptive statistics and Chi-square tests used to assess associations between variables.

Results: 79.3% females and 20.7% males were recruited into the study The mean BMI among the students was 23.61 (SD = 4.27). The majority of students were in the normal weight category (61%), followed by overweight (23%), obese (8%), and underweight (8%). A significant association was found between marital status and BMI categories (P < 0.05), with being married linked to being overweight or obese. However, no significant associations were observed between BMI and other variables such as smoking, alcohol consumption, or dietary habits.

Conclusion: Most medical students at Tikrit University College of Medicine have a normal BMI, but a considerable proportion are overweight or obese, highlighting the need for health promotion strategies. These findings suggest that further interventions may be necessary to address overweight and obesity within this population.